Nelson's Column

Nelson's Column is a monument in Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster, Central London, England, United Kingdom, built to commemorate British Royal Navy officer Horatio Nelson's decisive victory at the Battle of Trafalgar over the combined French and Spanish navies, during which he was killed by a French sniper. The monument was constructed between 1840 and 1843 to a design by William Railton at a cost of £47,000 (equivalent to £5,163,046 in 2025). It is a column of the Corinthian order built from Dartmoor granite. The statue of Nelson at the top was carved from Craigleith sandstone by sculptor Edward Hodges Baily. The four bronze lions around its base, designed by Sir Edwin Landseer, were added in 1867. The pedestal is decorated with four bronze relief panels, each 18 feet (5.5 m) square, cast from captured French guns. They depict the Battle of Cape St. Vincent, the Battle of the Nile, the Battle of Copenhagen and the death of Nelson at Trafalgar. The sculptors were Musgrave Watson, William F. Woodington, John Ternouth and John Edward Carew, respectively. The ornate capital upon which Nelson stands is by Charles Harriott Smith. It was refurbished in 2006 at a cost of £420,000 (equivalent to £725,835 in 2025), at which time it was surveyed and found to be 14 feet 6 inches (4.42 m) shorter than previously supposed. The whole monument is 169 feet 3 inches (51.59 m) tall from the bottom of the pedestal to the top of Nelson's hat. The statue of Nelson is 17 feet (5.2 m). Nelson was 5 feet 6 inches; a ratio of almost exactly 3:1.